| Topic | Details |
|---|
Server Hardware Installation and Management - 18% |
| Given a scenario, install physical hardware. | - Racking- Enclosure sizes
- Unit sizes
- 1U, 2U, 3U, etc. - Rack layout
- Cooling management
- Safety
1. Proper lifting techniques
2. Rack balancing
3. Floor load limitations
- Power distribution unit (PDU)
- Keyboard-video-mouse (KVM) placement
- Rail kits
- Power cabling - Redundant power
- Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
- Separate circuits
- Separate providers - Power connector types
- Cable management
- Network cabling - Redundant networking
- Twisted pair
- Fiber
- SC
- LC
- Single mode
- Multimode - Gigabit
- 10 GigE
- Small form factor pluggable (SFP)
- SFP+
- Quad small form factor pluggable (QSFP)
- Cable management
- Server chassis types - Tower
- Rack mount
- Blade enclosure
- Server components - Hardware compatibility list (HCL)
- Central processing unit (CPU)
- Graphics processing unit (GPU)
- Memory
- Bus types
- Interface types
- Expansion cards
|
| Given a scenario, deploy and manage storage. | - RAID levels and types- 0
- 1
- 5
- 6
- 10
- Just a bunch of disks (JBOD)
- Hardware vs. software
- Capacity planning
- Hard drive media types - Solid state drive (SSD)
- Wear factors
1. Read intensive
2. Write intensive - Hard disk drive (HDD)
- Rotations per minute (RPM)
1. 15,000
2. 10,000
3. 7,200 - Hybrid
- Interface types - Serial attached SCSI (SAS)
- Serial ATA (SATA)
- Peripheral component interconnect (PCI)
- External serial advanced technology attachment (eSATA)
- Universal serial bus (USB)
- Secure digital (SD)
- Shared storage - Network attached storage (NAS)
- Network file system (NFS)
- Common Internet file system (CIFS) - Storage area network (SAN)
- Internet small computer systems interface (iSCSI)
- Fibre Channel
- Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE)
|
| Given a scenario, perform server hardware maintenance. | - Out-of-band management- Remote drive access
- Remote console access
- Remote power on/off
- Internet protocol keyboard-video-mouse (IP KVM)
- Local hardware administration - Keyboard-video-mouse (KVM)
- Crash cart
- Virtual administration console
- Serial connectivity
- Console connections
- Components
- Drives
- Hot-swappable hardware - Drives
- Cages
- Cards
- Power supplies
- Fans
- Basic input/output system (BIOS)/Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) |
Server Administration - 30% |
| Given a scenario, install server operating systems. | - Minimum operating system (OS) requirements
- Hardware compatibility list (HCL)
- Installations- Graphical user interface (GUI)
- Core
- Bare metal
- Virtualized
- Remote
- Slip streamed/unattended
- Scripted installations
- Additional drivers
- Additional applications and utilities
- Patches - Media installation type
- Network
- Optical
- Universal serial bus (USB)
- Embedded - Imaging
- Cloning
1. Virtual machine (VM) cloning
2. Physical clones
3. Template deployment
4. Physical to virtual (P2V)
- Partition and volume types - Global partition table (GPT) vs. master boot record (MBR)
- Dynamic disk
- Logical volume management (LVM)
- File system types - ext4
- New technology file system (NTFS)
- VMware file system (VMFS)
- Resilient file system (ReFS)
- Z file system (ZFS)
|
| Given a scenario, configure servers to use network infrastructure services. | - IP configuration
- Virtual local area network (VLAN)
- Default gateways
- Name resolution- Domain name service (DNS)
- Fully qualified domain name (FQDN)
- Hosts file
- Addressing protocols - IPv4
- Request for comments (RFC) 1918 address spaces - IPv6
- Firewall
- Static vs. dynamic - Dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP)
- MAC addresses |
| Given a scenario, configure and maintain server functions and features. | - Server roles requirements- Print
- Database
- File
- Web
- Application
- Messaging
- Baselining
- Documentation
- Performance metrics
- Directory connectivity
- Storage management - Formatting
- Connectivity
- Provisioning
- Partitioning
- Page/swap/scratch location and size
- Disk quotas
- Compression
- Deduplication
- Monitoring - Uptime
- Thresholds
- Performance
- Memory
- Disk
1. Input output operations per second (IOPS)
2. Capacity vs. utilization
- Network
- Central processing unit (CPU) - Event logs
- Configuration
- Shipping
- Alerting
- Reporting
- Retention
- Rotation
- Data migration and transfer - Infiltration
- Exfiltration
- Disparate OS data transfer
- Robocopy
- File transfer
- Fast copy
- Secure copy protocol (SCP)
- Administrative interfaces - Console
- Remote desktop
- Secure shell (SSH)
- Web interface
|
| Explain the key concepts of high availability for servers. | - Clustering- Active-active
- Active-passive
- Failover
- Failback
- Proper patching procedures
- Heartbeat
- Fault tolerance - Server-level redundancy vs. component redundancy
- Redundant server network infrastructure - Load balancing
- Software vs. hardware
- Round robin
- Most recently used (MRU) - Network interface card (NIC) teaming and redundancy
- Failover
- Link aggregation
|
| Summarize the purpose and operation of virtualization. | - Host vs. guest
- Virtual networking- Direct access (bridged)
- Network address translation (NAT)
- vNICs
- Virtual switches
- Resource allocation and provisioning - CPU
- Memory
- Disk
- NIC
- Overprovisioning
- Scalability
- Management interfaces for virtual machines
- Cloud models
|
| Summarize scripting basics for server administration. | - Script types- Bash
- Batch
- PowerShell
- Virtual basic script (VBS)
- Environment variables
- Comment syntax
- Basic script constructs - Loops
- Variables
- Conditionals
- Comparators
- Basic data types
- Common server administration scripting tasks - Startup
- Shut down
- Service
- Login
- Account creation
- Bootstrap
|
| Explain the importance of asset management and documentation. | - Asset management- Labeling
- Warranty
- Leased vs. owned devices
- Life-cycle management
- Procurement
- Usage
- End of life
- Disposal/recycling - Inventory
- Make
- Model
- Serial number
- Asset tag
- Documentation management - Updates
- Service manuals
- Architecture diagrams
- Infrastructure diagrams
- Workflow diagrams
- Recovery processes
- Baselines
- Change management
- Server configurations
- Company policies and procedures
- Business impact analysis (BIA)
- Mean time between failure (MTBF)
- Mean time to recover (MTTR)
- Recovery point objective (RPO)
- Recovery time objective (RTO)
- Service level agreement (SLA)
- Uptime requirements
- Document availability
- Secure storage of sensitive documentation |
| Explain licensing concepts. | - Models- Per-instance
- Per-concurrent user
- Per-server
- Per-socket
- Per-core
- Site-based
- Physical vs. virtual
- Node-locked
- Signatures
- Open source
- Subscription
- License vs. maintenance and support
- Volume licensing
- License count validation
- Version compatibility - Backward compatible
- Forward compatible
|
Security and Disaster Recovery - 24% |
| Summarize data security concepts. | - Encryption paradigms- Data at rest
- Data in transit
- Retention policies
- Data storage - Physical location storage
- Off-site vs. on-site
- UEFI/BIOS passwords
- Bootloader passwords
- Business impact - Data value prioritization
- Life-cycle management
- Cost of security vs. risk and/or replacement
|
| Summarize physical security concepts. | - Physical access controls- Bollards
- Architectural reinforcements
- Signal blocking
- Reflective glass
- Datacenter camouflage - Fencing
- Security guards
- Security cameras
- Locks
- Biometric
- Radio frequency identification (RFID)
- Card readers
- Mantraps
- Safes
- Environmental controls - Fire suppression
- Heating, ventilation, and cooling (HVAC)
- Sensors
|
| Explain important concepts pertaining to identity and access management for server administration. | - User accounts
- User groups
- Password policies
- Permissions and access controls - Role-based
- Rule-based
- Scope based
- Segregation of duties
- Delegation
- Auditing - User activity
- Logins
- Group memberships
- Deletions
- Multifactor authentication (MFA) - Something you know
- Something you have
- Something you are
- Single sign-on (SSO) |
| Explain data security risks and mitigation strategies. | - Security risks- Hardware failure
- Malware
- Data corruption
- Insider threats
- Theft
- Data loss prevention (DLP)
- Unwanted duplication
- Unwanted publication - Unwanted access methods
- Backdoor
- Social engineering - Breaches
- Identification
- Disclosure
- Mitigation strategies - Data monitoring
- Log analysis
- Security information and event management (SIEM) - Two-person integrity
- Split encryption keys tokens
- Separation of roles - Regulatory constraints
- Governmental
- Individually privileged information
1. Personally identifiable information (PII)
2. Payment Card Industry DataSecurity Standard (PCI DSS) - Legal considerations
- Data retention
- Subpoenas
|
| Given a scenario, apply server hardening methods. | - OS hardening- Disable unused services
- Close unneeded ports
- Install only required software
- Apply driver updates
- Apply OS updates
- Firewall configuration
- Application hardening - Install latest patches
- Disable unneeded services, roles, or features
- Host security - Antivirus
- Anti-malware
- Host intrusion detection system (HIDS)/Host intrusion prevention system (HIPS)
- Hardware hardening - Disable unneeded hardware
- Disable unneeded physical ports, devices, or functions
- Set BIOS password
- Set boot order
- Patching - Testing
- Deployment
- Change management
|
| Summarize proper server decommissioning concepts. | - Proper removal procedures- Company policies
- Verify non-utilization
- Documentation
- Asset management
- Change management
- Media destruction - Disk wiping
- Physical
- Degaussing
- Shredding
- Crushing
- Incineration - Purposes for media destruction
- Media retention requirements
- Cable remediation
- Electronics recycling - Internal vs. external
- Repurposing
|
| Explain the importance of backups and restores. | - Backup methods- Full
- Synthetic full
- Incremental
- Differential
- Archive
- Open file
- Snapshot
- Backup frequency
- Media rotation
- Backup media types
- File-level vs. system-state backup
- Restore methods - Overwrite
- Side by side
- Alternate location path
- Backup validation - Media integrity
- Equipment
- Regular testing intervals
- Media inventory before restoration |
| Explain the importance of disaster recovery. | - Site types- Hot site
- Cold site
- Warm site
- Cloud
- Separate geographic locations
- Replication - Constant
- Background
- Synchronous vs. asynchronous
- Application consistent
- File locking
- Mirroring
- Bidirectional
- Testing - Tabletops
- Live failover
- Simulated failover
- Production vs. non-production
|
Troubleshooting - 28% |
| Explain the troubleshooting theory and methodology. | - Identify the problem and determine the scope.- Question users/stakeholders and identify changes to the server/environment.
- Collect additional documentation/logs.
- If possible, replicate the problem as appropriate.
- If possible, perform backups before making changes.
- Escalate, if necessary.
- Establish a theory of probable cause (question the obvious). - Determine whether there is a common element or symptom causing multiple problems.
- Test the theory to determine the cause. - Once the theory is confirmed, determine the next steps to resolve the problem.
- If the theory is not confirmed, establish a new theory.
- Establish a plan of action to resolve the problem.
- Implement the solution or escalate. - Make one change at a time and test/confirm the change has resolved the problem.
- If the problem is not resolved, reverse the change, if appropriate, and implement a new change.
- Verify full system functionality and, if applicable, implement preventive measures.
- Perform a root cause analysis.
- Document findings, actions, and outcomes throughout the process. |
| Given a scenario, troubleshoot common hardware failures. | - Common problems- Predictive failures
- Memory errors and failures
- System crash
1. Blue screen
2. Purple screen
3. Memory dump
- Utilization
- Power-on self-test (POST) errors
- Random lockups
- Kernel panic - Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) battery failure
- System lockups
- Random crashes
- Fault and device indication
- Visual indicators - Light-emitting diode (LED)
- Liquid crystal display (LCD) panel readouts
- Auditory or olfactory cues
- POST codes - Misallocated virtual resources
- Causes of common problems - Technical
- Power supply fault
- Malfunctioning fans
- Improperly seated heat sink
- Improperly seated cards
- Incompatibility of components
- Cooling failures
- Backplane failure
- Firmware incompatibility
- CPU or GPU overheating - Environmental
- Dust
- Humidity
- Temperature
- Tools and techniques - Event logs
- Firmware upgrades or downgrades
- Hardware diagnostics
- Compressed air
- Electrostatic discharge (ESD) equipment
- Reseating or replacing components and/or cables
|
| Given a scenario, troubleshoot storage problems. | - Common problems- Boot errors
- Sector block errors
- Cache battery failure
- Read/write errors
- Failed drives
- Page/swap/scratch file or partition
- Partition errors
- Slow file access
- OS not found
- Unsuccessful backup
- Unable to mount the device
- Drive not available
- Cannot access logical drive
- Data corruption
- Slow I/O performance
- Restore failure
- Cache failure
- Multiple drive failure
- Causes of common problems - Disk space utilization
- Insufficient disk space - Misconfigured RAID
- Media failure
- Drive failure
- Controller failure
- Hot bus adapter (HBA) failure
- Loose connectors
- Cable problems
- Misconfiguration
- Corrupt boot sector
- Corrupt filesystem table
- Array rebuild
- Improper disk partition
- Bad sectors
- Cache battery failure
- Cache turned off
- Insufficient space
- Improper RAID configuration
- Mismatched drives
- Backplane failure
- Tools and techniques - Partitioning tools
- Disk management
- RAID and array management
- System logs
- Disk mounting commands
- net use
- mount - Monitoring tools
- Visual inspections
- Auditory inspections
|
| Given a scenario, troubleshoot common OS and software problems. | - Common problems- Unable to log on
- Unable to access resources
- Unable to access files
- System file corruption
- End of life/end of support
- Slow performance
- Cannot write to system logs
- Service failures
- System or application hanging
- Freezing
- Patch update failure
- Causes of common problems - Incompatible drivers/modules
- Improperly applied patches
- Unstable drivers or software
- Server not joined to domain
- Clock skew
- Memory leaks
- Buffer overrun
- Incompatibility
Insecure dependencies
Version management
Architecture - Update failures
- Missing updates
- Missing dependencies
- Downstream failures due to updates
- Inappropriate application-level permissions
- Improper CPU affinity and priority
- OS and software tools and techniques - Patching
- Upgrades
- Downgrades - Package management
- Recovery
- Boot options
1. Safe mode
2. Single user mode
- Reload OS
- Snapshots - Proper privilege escalations
- runas/Run As
- sudo
- su - Scheduled reboots
- Software firewalls
- Adding or removing ports
- Zones - Clocks
- Network time protocol (NTP)
- System time - Services and processes
- Starting
- Stopping
- Status identification
- Dependencies - Configuration management
- System center configuration manager (SCCM)
- Puppet/Chef/Ansible
- Group Policy Object (GPO) - Hardware compatibility list (HCL)
|
| Given a scenario, troubleshoot network connectivity issues. | - Common problems- Lack of Internet connectivity
- Resource unavailable
- Receiving incorrect DHCP information
- Non-functional or unreachable
- Destination host unreachable
- Unknown host
- Unable to reach remote subnets
- Failure of service provider
- Cannot reach server by hostname/fully qualified domain name (FQDN)
- Causes of common problems - Improper IP configuration
- IPv4 vs. IPv6 misconfigurations
- Improper VLAN configuration
- Network port security
- Component failure
- Incorrect OS route tables
- Bad cables
- Firewall (misconfiguration, hardware failure, software failure)
- Misconfigured NIC
- DNS and/or DHCP failure
- DHCP server misconfigured
- Misconfigured hosts file
- Tools and techniques - Check link lights
- Confirm power supply
- Verify cable integrity
- Check appropriate cable selection
- Commands
- ipconfig
- ip addr
- ping
- tracert
- traceroute
- nslookup
- netstat
- dig
- telnet
- nc
- nbtstat
- route
|
| Given a scenario, troubleshoot security problems. | - Common concerns- File integrity
- Improper privilege escalation
- Excessive access - Applications will not load
- Cannot access network fileshares
- Unable to open files
- Causes of common problems - Open ports
- Services
- Active
- Inactive
- Orphan/zombie - Intrusion detection configurations
- Anti-malware configurations
- Improperly configured local/group policies
- Improperly configured firewall rules - Misconfigured permissions
- Virus infection
- Malware
- Rogue processes/services
- Data loss prevention (DLP)
- Security tools - Port scanners
- Sniffers
- Telnet clients
- Anti-malware
- Antivirus
- File integrity
- Checksums
- Monitoring
- Detection
- Enforcement - User access controls
- SELinux
- User account control (UAC)
|
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